Guest: Dr. Keir Becker 契爾·貝克教授
Dr. Keir Becker is a professor at the
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. His
expertise is in heat flow and hydrothermal
circulation in the oceanic crust; permeability and porosity of oceanic crust;
borehole hydrogeological observatories. He has participated in many drilling
lags of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. He has
also have lots of dive experiences. Dr. Becker participated in the design of
CORK observatory and is a pioneer scientist to use CORK observatory to conduct
in situ experiments obtain data for hydrogeological and seismic studies. To
know more about CORK, please read his paper “A review of CORK designs and
operations during the Ocean Drilling Program” (link provided at the end of the article).
貝克教授任教於邁阿密大學大氣海洋學院,他的專長是測量熱流量與水壓的變化,來了解岩石的總孔隙度與空隙的連通度,並將這些資料運用在海洋岩石中的熱液循環的研究,他參與過許多的海洋鑽探航次,以及有許多的使用研究潛水艇的經驗。他是水下觀測井的設計者之一,也是最早使用水下觀測井來作實驗以了解海洋岩石圈中的水文系統的科學家之一,在一篇他撰寫的文章中,他詳細的介紹了過去三十年來,水下觀測井設計與建造的來龍去脈。
Here is a short excerpt of the historic review
in this article: The origins of the CORK experiment can be traced back to discussions
during a 1987 workshop on wireline reentry of
deep-sea boreholes. By that time, considerable experience had been gained in
interpreting thermal observations* of vertical flow in Deep Sea Drilling
Project (DSDP) and ODP holes left open between permeable formation and ocean
bottom water (e.g., Hyndman et al., 1976; Becker et al., 1983). However, we
recognized that such borehole flow, which seemed to be fairly common in holes
penetrating through sediments into oceanic basement, represented serious perturbations
to the hydrological systems we were attempting to study via scientific
ocean drilling; thus, some sort of sealed-hole experiment was necessary to allow
reestablishment of equilibrium in in situ conditions to understand
hydrogeologic state and processes. ……The first two
installations, …… were successfully completed during Leg 139 in the summer of 1991 (Davis et al.,1992).
* Back in 1960s, scientists have made
calculations based on the cooling of oceanic crust to estimate the temperature
of surface sediments on the seafloor. However, the actual measured surface sediment
temperatures are much cooler than the estimated values. Scientists proposed
that there must be hydrothermal circulation to remove the heat from the oceanic
crust. That leads to the discovery of hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s. The
more rapid and larger volume of hydrothermal circulation, the faster the
cooling.
這是文章中摘錄的一小段:早在1987年的一個研討會中,就有人提出要在海洋鑽探計畫所鑽出來的洞中,放入可允許重複放入載有儀器的纜線的導引漏斗(註1),在那時候,我們已經從熱流量的資料(註2)對於岩石圈中的水文流動多少有點認知。但想要從深海鑽探計畫的洞,直接量到岩石圈中的循環的熱液溫度與水壓,卻有難度,畢竟鑽洞的過程中,導致海水與海下岩石中的地下水會交換,因此,我們建議必須要在鑽探後把洞口封住,讓海下岩石圈中的地下水可以回復原本的水文狀態。經過多次的討論與得到鑽探計畫的支持,包含工程師T. Pettigrew的參與,兩個水下觀測井在1991的夏天就已經安裝到有厚沈積物覆蓋的Middle Valley(很爛的翻譯,叫中峽谷)洋脊張裂區。
註1:reentry,我翻成漏斗,因為現在我所認識的reentry cone長得就像漏斗一樣,因為鑽井的洞直徑頂多三十公分,要在茫茫大海中,在把儀器放入這麼小的洞裡面,根本是不可能, 因此就用類似漏斗狀的構造,幫助我們找到洞,漏斗的口徑可以大到快五米寬,這樣就簡單多了。
註2: 早在1960 科學家就利用海洋地殼冷卻速度,來預測海底沈積物應有的溫度,但是實際測量到的海底的沈積物表層溫度,尤其是在洋脊附近的沈積物溫度,卻比預測值低很多,在1970年代初期,科學家就認定,這些較低的沈積物溫度,並不是測壞掉的值,而是因為下面有水的流動,而加速海洋地殼的冷卻速度,導致沈積物的溫度也降低。循環在海洋地殼中的水量越多,與底層海水(只有攝氏2度)交換速度越快,冷卻海洋地殼的速度越快。洋脊附近,因為沒有沈積物覆蓋,所以底層海水可以自由的進出海洋岩石中。
I have sailed with Dr. Keir
Becker several times. To me, he is a very down-to-earth scientist. He is always
smiling and remains calm even when there are problems. Want to hear more about the stories about CORK
observatory, his discoveries and how he made the seemed impossible tasks put to
work? Please post your questions to Dr. Becker and stay tune to our post of the
coming ship-to-shore webcast scheduled on the date of transiting (July 29th)
with Taipei First Girls High school.
我自己跟貝克教授一起參與過很多個航次,對我而言,他是一個沒有架子的科學家,即使他在海洋鑽探界是如此的有聲望。他總是帶著微笑而且即使有狀況,他都能保持相當的冷靜,我真的打從內心尊敬這位科學家。想要多聽他說關於水下觀測的故事,他的科學發現,以及他是如何從無到有,一次又一次的改進水下觀測井,請在我們的部落格,留下你(妳)想問貝克教授的問題,我們也會儘快在七月二十九號的遠端視訊訪問後,把訪談的內容與影片放到部落格上。
A review of CORK designs and operations during the Ocean Drilling Program
(貝克教授撰寫的關於水下觀測井的文章)
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